Africa: The Unsettled Continent

            We live in a time of great upheaval worldwide, which according to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) has resulted in 79.5 million people displaced – the highest recorded number in history.  The agency reports that 48 million people are internally displaced, i.e., they are moved out of their homes by conflict or other causes but are not able or willing to leave their country.  One person is forcibly displaced approximately every two seconds, according to UNHCR calculations.  So, consider how many thousands will be newly displaced once you finish reading this blog post.

            UNHCR statistics show that 1 percent of the world’s population is among the displaced.   About half of the world’s displaced are children, and 25 percent are young women, with an additional four percent being pregnant women.  This population would be problematic to deal with alone, but an estimated 85 percent of refugees are seen in developing countries, which have their own problems without an influx of foreigners requiring shelter and humanitarian assistance and often causing social problems in the new country of residence.

            Many of us look at Africa as a place of numerous communities – villages to towns to cities, and we hail the community attachment that spawned the saying: “It takes a village to raise a child.”  However, the current refugee crisis has destroyed communities and scattered residents across countries and borders.  On a continent with a delicate ethnic balance in many areas, that has led to serious discontent.  For example, I recently wrote about the refugee problem in South Africa that has seen thousands of people from across Africa flee to South Africa for what they believe will be a better life, but South Africa itself has yet to solve the problem of the development of black people in its own land, long denied opportunities and finding themselves at a distinct disadvantage to incoming immigrants.  This has sparked violent, xenophobic responses in South Africa, but it is not the only place where new residents have inadvertently provoked negative responses.

            Of the top 10 refugee camps in the world, Kenya hosts the four largest, the Kakuma camp consistently being the world’s largest with a population of 184,550.  That means Kakuma has nearly twice the population of what we consider to be the minimum for a small city in the United States.  It was established in 1992, and despite much discussion of closing the camp and relocating its residents, it remains a problem for the Government of Kenya and its citizens.

            Kakuma is yet another example of how charity toward unfortunate people can change to social conflict.  Neighboring Somalia has been in some stage of upheaval since the establishment of the Somali Democratic Republic in 1969.  Over the years since, many Somalis, including shopkeepers and other professionals, have fled the growing chaos, most often to Kenya’s four leading refugee camps.  Thus, there are Somalis living in Kenya who were born there and have never seen their native land.  Their reduced interest in leaving a stable Kenya for an unstable Somalia is but one issue.

            Like the situation with Zimbabweans in South Africa, the more educated, well-to-do immigrants from Somalia, many of them shopkeepers, out-earn their Kenyan neighbors.  In fact, it has been an irritant to Kenyans at various levels that some Somali refugees actually employ Kenyans.  What makes this more galling for Kenyans is that as refugees, these Somalis have access to better education and other social services than citizens.  Certainly, Somali refugees, forced from their country through no fault of their own, need help, but what would you think if you were a law-abiding Kenyan citizen watching foreigners get better treatment than you were?

            This situation takes on an even more problematic tone for South Sudanese refugees in Uganda.  Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni, in the spirit of helping neighbors from South Sudan, not only facilitated social services but also the building of semi-autonomous communities, such as Bidi Bidi, which at one time housed more than 270,000 residents.  This has many Ugandans concerned about South Sudanese gaining a say over the management of Ugandan territory.

            Meanwhile, in South Sudan, Yida camp sprouted up organically during the Second Sudanese Civil War. Due to concerns over occupants’ safety and security, the South Sudanese government and UNHCR have encouraged refugees to resettle at the nearby Ajuong Thok refugee camp, an official camp managed by the government and UNHCR, but many Yida inhabitants have resisted relocation, and the settlement's population continues to swell.  Given the lack of governance  at Yida and its proximity to the border with Sudan, it should come as no surprise that the camp has been plagued by dangers.

Aerial bombardment by the Sudanese Air Force Antonov planes destroyed food stores, ruined fields and made it impossible to cultivate and plant.  Alongside this terror from the skies, everyone talked of the terrible toll of hunger in Sudan’s Southern Kordofan Province, the source of many of the refugees.  During a visit to Yida, I saw efforts to feed not only the refugees, but also provide food and other supplies for the suffering inside Sudan, which made Yida even more of a target of the Sudanese military.

The Government of Tanzania has housed the Katumba settlement since 1992, when millions of Burundians fled ethnic violence in their country.  More than a decade ago, realizing that an overwhelming number of Burundians had been born in Tanzania and faced an ongoing ethnic danger in Burundi, the Tanzania government offered more than 200,000 Burundian refugees the choice between repatriation or naturalization. Of course, more three-quarters chose to become Tanzanian citizens.

The Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf, Algeria, are a collection of four refugee camps set up in the Tindouf Province in Algeria, in 1975–76 for refugees from Western Sahara fleeing from Moroccan forces, who advanced through that land during the Western Sahara War. With most of the original refugees still living in the camps, the situation is among the most protracted in the world.  Governed by the Polisario Front, the camps are divided into five districts named after towns in Western Sahara; Laayoune (El-Aaiún), Awserd, Smara, Dakhla and more recently Cape Bojador. 

The Sahrawi camps are the starkest examples of humanitarian assistance being never-ending without some action by government, as in Tanzania, to accept refugees as citizens.  There seems to be insufficient international political will to effectively end the crises that force the flood of refugees, and crises on the continent are only increasing.

After nearly a decade of insecurity in Mali and Niger, violence began spreading into neighboring Burkina Faso in mid-2018—affecting the entire country.  Burkina Faso quickly became the epicenter of the region’s rapidly deteriorating displacement and humanitarian crises. Clashes between armed groups – mostly affiliated with al Qaeda and ISIS – and national security forces, as well as and attacks on civilians, are feeding revenge-reprisal cycles. These dynamics are also increasing distrust both between communities and between citizens and the government.

Today, among Burkina Faso’s population of 20 million people, rampant insecurity has left 3.5 million people in need of humanitarian assistance and forced 1.2 million people out of their homes. The number of displaced people in the country has more than doubled compared to early 2020. Burkina Faso also hosts close to 20,000 refugees and asylum seekers from the wider region. With violence intensifying daily, aid organizations face constant challenges in reaching people in need.  

During one of my visits to examine humanitarian assistance while working for the U.S. House of Representatives, a UNHCR official lamented that the international community is good about getting refugee camps up and running, but terrible to phasing them out.  Given the intercommunal and ethnic problems sparked by longstanding refugee camps, it is in the interest of the international community and African governments to find lasting solutions to the crises that cause such rampant refugee activity.  Sahrawi refugee camps notwithstanding, refugee housing can’t last forever.